Readership observatory / visitor dossiers
Who reads New Runtime by machine
Most of this site's readers are software. Here is a dossier on each one: who runs it, what it is built to do, whether it follows robots.txt, how to tell the real one from an impostor, and what it did on New Runtime.
- Families profiled
- 93
- Requests in window
- 93,955
- New this week
- 10
- Seen, not profiled
- —
Baseline 2026-10-23, 93-day window. Loading live numbers…
AI search & answer engines 16
Fetch or index pages so an AI assistant or AI search engine can answer a person's question, usually with a link back.
PerplexityBot / Perplexity-User
Perplexity
PerplexityBot surfaces and links websites in Perplexity search results and is not used to crawl content for AI foundation models. The separate Perplexity-User fetcher opens pages on user request to answer a question and link the page.
- search index
- live answer fetch
Returning4,689req · 40dOAI-SearchBot
OpenAI
OpenAI's search crawler that surfaces and links websites in ChatGPT search features; not used for model training.
- search index
Regular4,407req · 86dExaSearchBot / ExaUser
Exa
ExaSearchBot crawls public pages to index them for Exa's search, retrieval and citation API; ExaUser fetches a page live when a user or an app built on the Exa API asks for its current content.
- search index
- live answer fetch
Regular2,234req · 21dSofyaBot
Sofya
Crawler for Sofya's own independent search index (served at search.sofya.co); Sofya sells a web search, fetch and extraction API to AI agents and developers.
- search index
Dormant876req · 1dChatGPT-User
OpenAI
Fetches web pages for user-initiated actions in ChatGPT, Custom GPTs and GPT Actions; not an automatic crawler and not used to decide Search eligibility.
- live answer fetch
Regular812req · 78dShapBot
Parallel Web Systems
Parallel Web Systems' crawler; it collects publicly available web content to build and maintain Parallel's search index (Parallel sells web search/research APIs for AI agents). A separate Shap-User agent handles user-triggered fetches and does not crawl automatically.
- search index
Returning602req · 3dKeenableBot
Keenable
Builds and maintains the Keenable search index, which answers queries from AI agents and applications and cites source pages with links. A separate Keenable-User agent fetches single pages on behalf of a person or their agent.
- search index
Regular252req · 20dClaude-User
Anthropic
Retrieves websites when a Claude user asks a question that requires them (user-initiated fetches).
- live answer fetch
Returning118req · 14dClaude-SearchBot
Anthropic
Navigates the web to improve the relevance and accuracy of Claude's search results.
- search index
Returning43req · 4dKimi bots
Moonshot AI
Moonshot AI's Kimi crawlers: KimiBot crawls content potentially used to train Kimi foundation models; Kimi-SearchBot builds the index for Kimi search; Kimi-User fetches pages for user-initiated actions. 'MoonshotBot' is listed only by third-party directories and is not on Moonshot's crawler page.
- model training
- search index
- live answer fetch
Returning17req · 2dGrokBot / xAI-SearchBot
xAI (unconfirmed; UA claims x.ai)
User agents that claim to be xAI (GrokBot/1.0, xAI-SearchBot/1.0 with +https://x.ai). Third-party directories describe xAI-SearchBot as fetching/indexing pages for Grok search and answers; GrokBot's purpose is undisclosed. xAI publishes no crawler documentation.
- unknown
Returning8req · 3dYouBot
You.com
You.com's web crawler that discovers and indexes public pages to return real-time results in You.com's AI search.
- search index
Returning8req · 2dDuckAssistBot
DuckDuckGo
Crawls pages in real time to supply DuckDuckGo's AI-assisted answers (DuckAssist), which cite their sources. DuckDuckGo states the data is not used to train AI models.
- live answer fetch
Returning6req · 4dGoogle-CloudVertexBot
Google
Google crawler that performs crawls requested by site owners to build Vertex AI Agents; Google says it has no effect on Google Search or other products.
- research
- unknown
Dormant5req · 1dcohere-ai
Cohere
Undocumented agent with UA 'cohere-ai; +https://cohere.com/crawler'. Secondary sources say it is possibly dispatched by Cohere's AI chat products to fetch content for user prompts; Cohere has not stated its purpose, and cohere.com/crawler returned 404 on 2026-10-23.
- unknown
Dormant4req · 1dMeta-ExternalFetcher
Meta
Fetches individual links at a user's request, including for agentic AI tasks in Meta AI products.
- live answer fetch
New this week2req · 1d
AI model crawlers 14
Collect pages for model training or open web datasets, plus the robots.txt control tokens that govern that use.
Meta-ExternalAgent
Meta
Meta crawler for use cases such as training foundation AI models or improving products by indexing content directly.
- model training
- search index
Returning7,984req · 12dClaudeBot
Anthropic
Anthropic's crawler collecting public web content that may contribute to training its generative AI models.
- model training
Regular3,677req · 62dReflectionbot
Reflection AI
Reflection AI's web crawler. It visits publicly available web pages to help build and improve the company's (open) AI models; it is currently the only user agent Reflection AI crawls with.
- model training
Regular2,345req · 23dAmazonbot
Amazon
Amazon crawler used to improve Amazon products and services; Amazon states its data may be used to train Amazon AI models. Related agents: Amzn-SearchBot (search, e.g. Alexa; no AI training) and Amzn-User (live user-request fetches).
- model training
- search index
Regular2,267req · 24dGPTBot
OpenAI
OpenAI's crawler for content that may be used to train its generative AI foundation models.
- model training
Returning2,236req · 43dGoogle-Extended
Google
Not a crawler: a standalone robots.txt product token that lets publishers control whether content crawled by Google may be used to train future Gemini models and for grounding in Gemini Apps and Vertex AI. It has no separate HTTP user-agent string; crawling uses existing Google user agents.
- model training
Dormant106req · 7dBytespider
ByteDance
ByteDance crawler described by secondary sources as an AI data scraper, allegedly used to build training data for ByteDance LLMs such as Doubao. No operator documentation was opened.
- model training
Returning29req · 4dCCBot
Common Crawl
Crawler of the non-profit Common Crawl, which builds an open web archive; the corpus is widely reused, including as AI training data.
- model training
- research
Returning29req · 8dDeepSeekBot
DeepSeek
Reported as a DeepSeek crawler collecting web content for AI model training (UA 'DeepSeekBot/1.0; +https://www.deepseek.com/bot'). The referenced deepseek.com/bot page returned 404 on 2026-10-23, so there is no confirmed first-party documentation.
- model training
Returning15req · 5dChatGLM-Spider
Zhipu AI (unconfirmed; UA claims zhipuai.cn)
Claims to be Zhipu AI's crawler (UA 'ChatGLM-Spider/1.0; +https://zhipuai.cn/'); third-party directories say it collects data to train and evaluate ChatGLM/GLM models. No Zhipu documentation found.
- model training
Returning7req · 2dQwenbot
Alibaba (unconfirmed; UA claims Qwen)
Claims to be Alibaba's Qwen crawler (UA 'Qwenbot/1.0; +https://qwen.alibaba.com/'); third-party directories say it collects content for Qwen training and answers. The doc URL they cite (tongyi.aliyun.com/bot) redirects to a 404; no Alibaba documentation found.
- unknown
Returning7req · 2dApplebot-Extended
Apple
Secondary user agent that does not crawl; it only governs whether data already crawled by Applebot may be used to train Apple's foundation models.
- model training
Dormant5req · 2dYiBot
01.AI (unconfirmed; UA claims 01.ai)
Claims to be 01.AI's crawler (UA 'YiBot/1.0; +https://01.ai/'); a third-party directory describes it as collecting training data. No 01.AI documentation found.
- unknown
Dormant4req · 1dPanguBot
Huawei (unconfirmed; UA contact pangubot@huawei.com)
Claims to be Huawei's crawler (UA 'compatible;PanguBot;pangubot@huawei.com'); directories say it collects training data for Huawei's PanGu models. No Huawei documentation found.
- model training
Dormant3req · 1d
Search engines 11
Index pages for classic web search results.
PetalBot
Huawei (Petal Search)
Huawei's crawler for the Petal Search engine; directories also say it supplies content recommendations for Huawei Assistant and other Huawei AI services. It crawls mostly with a mobile user agent that looks like Chrome on Android 7.0 and names itself only at the end ('compatible; PetalBot'). Official page (webmaster.petalsearch.com/site/petalbot) is JS-only and could not be read.
- search index
Regular5,883req · 24dApplebot
Apple
Apple's web crawler; its data powers search features in Spotlight, Siri and Safari and may supply context for AI-generated answers in Apple products. The separate Applebot-Extended token (no crawling of its own) controls whether crawled data may train Apple's foundation models.
- search index
- live answer fetch
- model training
Regular4,609req · 88dYandexBot
Yandex
Yandex's main indexing robot for the Yandex search engine; Yandex runs many other specialised robots (YandexImages, YandexMobileBot, etc.).
- search index
Regular4,397req · 82dBingbot
Microsoft
Microsoft's main crawler collecting documents for the Bing search index (deployed 2010, successor to msnbot). Bing's index also underlies Copilot and other engines that license Bing results.
- search index
Regular3,126req · 90dGooglebot
Google
Generic name for Google Search's smartphone and desktop crawlers that fetch pages for the Google Search index (incl. Discover, Images, Video, News). Gemini training/grounding is controlled separately by the Google-Extended robots token.
- search index
Regular1,788req · 73dBaiduspider
Baidu
Baidu search engine's crawler that visits web pages to build the index used by Baidu Search; product-specific variants exist for images, video and news.
- search index
Returning37req · 10dLohiSoftBot
LohiSoft s.r.o.
Builds LohiSoft's own search index from page titles, meta descriptions, h1-h3 headings, URLs and inbound link text (not page bodies), at most 20 pages per site. The operator states it does not collect AI training data or republish content.
- search index
Dormant27req · 1dDuckDuckBot
DuckDuckGo
DuckDuckGo's web crawler, used to improve DuckDuckGo search results.
- search index
Returning10req · 9dSeznamBot
Seznam.cz
Crawler that fetches content for the Seznam.cz (Czech) search engine; a companion FreshBot crawls fresh pages and RSS feeds, mostly news.
- search index
New this week10req · 4dBravebot
Brave
Brave Search's crawler, which discovers and indexes pages for Brave's independent search index (also sold via the Brave Search API and used for Brave's AI answers); partly informed by opt-in Web Discovery Project data from Brave browser users.
- search index
Returning4req · 2dMeta-WebIndexer
Meta
Navigates the web to improve Meta AI search result quality; allowing it helps Meta cite and link content in Meta AI responses.
- search index
New this week2req · 1d
Agentic web & MCP registries 21
Directories, liveness monitors and verifiers for MCP servers, agent cards and machine entry points. The newest and fastest-growing group.
mcpbeat
mcpbeat (theevoq)
Independent monitor of public MCP servers. Every 15 minutes it sends an MCP initialize handshake followed by tools/list, resources/list and prompts/list (never tools/call, never authenticates), and it also reviews registry, npm/PyPI and source metadata; results feed public uptime and ranking pages.
- monitoring
- registry / directory
Regular3,075req · 28drokmcp-collector
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "rokmcp-collector/0.2", an MCP-related collector; rokmcp.com exists but returned HTTP 503 and no description could be retrieved. No operator page or public documentation could be found as of 2026-10-23.
- registry / directory
Regular591req · 24dagent-tools.cloud crawler
agent-tools.cloud
Crawler for agent-tools.cloud, an open discovery directory of x402 paid APIs, remote MCP servers and A2A agents. Per its about page it runs initialize + tools/list conformance checks on MCP servers, fetches and parses A2A agent cards, and re-probes availability daily.
- registry / directory
- monitoring
Regular395req · 26dBrickBlueBot
brick.blue
Crawler for brick.blue's registry of agents and tools. It reads DNS TXT (_agent/_mcp), .well-known agent/MCP cards, llms.txt, openapi.json and agents.json, runs MCP initialize and tools/list (plus up to three no-argument tools/call on read-only-looking tools), and reads x402 402 responses without paying.
- registry / directory
Regular355req · 20dOraBot
Ora
Ora's on-demand scanner that scores how ready a website is for AI agents. When someone requests a score for a domain it fetches robots.txt, llms.txt, OpenAPI specs, MCP manifests, structured data and /.well-known/poppy.json in a bounded burst; during a scan it also requests the homepage under other crawlers' UAs (GPTBot, ClaudeBot, PerplexityBot).
- monitoring
Dormant164req · 1dGolemreachTrustBot
Golemreach
Outside-in trust prober for remote MCP servers listed in the official MCP registry: one GET, one initialize and one tools/list per endpoint at most every 6 hours (never calls tools or sends credentials), plus fetching A2A agent cards; results are published at golemreach.com/trust.
- monitoring
- registry / directory
Regular160req · 22dWellknownBot
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "WellknownBot/0.1" with listing and claim URLs, i.e. a directory crawler that creates a listing for the site and offers a claim link. No operator page or public documentation could be found as of 2026-10-23.
- registry / directory
Regular104req · 20dTalandorBot
Talandor
Likely the checker behind Talandor, an MCP server checker and monitoring tool that indexes Official MCP Registry entries, negotiates protocol versions and reads public tools/list results without calling tools. Talandor's pages do not document the TalandorBot user-agent.
- monitoring
Returning96req · 7dAgenstryBot
Agenstry
Crawler for Agenstry, an AI agent directory for A2A and MCP that publishes measured evidence about public agent infrastructure. It fetches .well-known A2A cards and MCP manifests, sitemaps and metadata, may send a JSON-RPC ping or MCP initialize/tools/list, and rechecks live agents roughly hourly.
- registry / directory
- monitoring
Returning73req · 9d7Maps-bot
7IT (7IT Solutions)
Crawler behind 7Maps, a live map of public MCP servers. It visits servers listed in public MCP registries and sends only initialize and tools/list (plus a daily server/discover), never calling tools; it publishes reachability, latency, tool counts and an estimated per-tool risk level.
- registry / directory
- monitoring
Returning56req · 7dhistor
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "histor/0.1.0" making read-only MCP probes (initialize + tools/list only). No operator page or public documentation could be found as of 2026-10-23.
- monitoring
Returning21req · 4dKnownGood-Verifier
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "KnownGood-Verifier/0.3", a verification bot (by name, verifying known-good endpoints). No operator page or public documentation could be found as of 2026-10-23.
- security scan
Dormant20req · 1dMCPHereBot
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "MCPHereBot/1.0", an MCP-focused bot. No operator page or public documentation could be found as of 2026-10-23.
- registry / directory
Returning15req · 3dStealthStackCrawler
StealthStack
Crawler for StealthStack, 'the index of the agentic web', which crawls Agentic Resource Discovery (ARD) catalogs and indexes the skills, MCP servers, A2A agents and catalogs they publish (about 48.9k resources from 4.8k domains as of 2026-10-22). It identifies itself with did:web:stealthstack.ai, whose DID document resolves at stealthstack.ai.
- registry / directory
Returning13req · 5dGlintbaseResearch
Glintbase
Research agent of Glintbase, an applied AI research lab building agent-readiness infrastructure (Agent Readiness Standard, scanner). Its research page describes fetching sites 'as a declared research agent' for agent-readiness studies; no crawler documentation is published. The UA's contact address (research@glintbase.dev) ties it to Glintbase.
- research
Returning9req · 1dAgentTrustBot
agenttru.st
Crawler for the agenttru.st directory of AI agents. It discovers hostnames from public Certificate Transparency logs and checks well-known discovery paths (agent cards, MCP server cards) and DNS records (ANS, DNS-AID) for published agents, plus icon fetches and re-checks of listed agents. Formerly AgentTrust-Collector.
- registry / directory
Dormant6req · 1dGAIP-Observatory
GAIP (gaipagents.com)
The GAIP Agent Observatory records dated, observed facts about public MCP servers and A2A agent cards, checking each at most once a day and keeping a hash-chained history of manifests and changes. It reads agent cards, registry server.json and the MCP discovery handshake (initialize, tools/list, resources/list); it never calls tools or authenticates and gives no scores.
- registry / directory
- monitoring
Returning6req · 6dMCPStationBot
Protocol Holdings Co., Ltd. (MCP Station)
Checker for MCP Station, which lists remote MCP servers published in the Official MCP Registry and checks each daily for reachability, required authentication, MCP version and offered tools.
- registry / directory
- monitoring
New this week6req · 2dx402-router-crawler
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "x402-router-crawler/4.0", a crawler for an x402 payment-routing service. No operator page or public documentation could be found as of 2026-10-23.
- registry / directory
New this week6req · 3dAgentIndexBot
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "AgentIndexBot/0.1", a 'polite ARD crawler' (Agentic Resource Discovery catalogs). No operator page or public documentation could be found as of 2026-10-23.
- registry / directory
New this week4req · 3dmcpcensusbot
The MCP Census
Crawler for The MCP Census, a service for checking MCP servers before install. When a search finds no census hit for a brand, it looks for an off-registry server with GET /.well-known/mcp.json, GET /.well-known/mcp-registry-auth and a DoH lookup for mcp.<domain>; GET only, results cached 7–30 days.
- registry / directory
New this week4req · 2d
SEO & backlink crawlers 11
Build link graphs and page databases for SEO platforms.
AhrefsBot
Ahrefs
Ahrefs' crawler that builds the link/page database behind the Ahrefs SEO platform and the Yep search engine. A separate AhrefsSiteAudit agent runs site audits.
- SEO backlink index
- search index
Regular13,472req · 89dSemrushBot
Semrush
Semrush's crawler that discovers links and revisits pages for its Backlink Analytics index and many tools (Site Audit, Backlink Audit, writing/plagiarism checks, etc.).
- SEO backlink index
Regular9,333req · 84dMJ12bot
Majestic
Majestic's distributed crawler that maps link relationships between websites for the Majestic Site Explorer backlink index; it does not cache page content.
- SEO backlink index
Regular4,177req · 48dDataForSeoBot
DataForSEO
DataForSEO's backlink-checker crawler; adds newly found links to its backlink database and rechecks existing ones, which is resold via API to SEO tools.
- SEO backlink index
Dormant2,638req · 1dserpstatbot
Serpstat
Serpstat's crawler that discovers new links and tracks changes for the Serpstat backlink index.
- SEO backlink index
Returning1,152req · 2dDotBot
Moz
Moz's web crawler that gathers link and site data for Moz's link index and SEO tools (UA references opensiteexplorer.org/dotbot).
- SEO backlink index
Regular338req · 25dSERankingBacklinksBot
SE Ranking
SE Ranking's crawler for its backlink database used in the SE Ranking SEO platform.
- SEO backlink index
Regular315req · 19dBarkrowler
Babbar
Babbar's crawler that builds a graph of the public web (links and page metadata, not content) to power SEO and online-marketing metrics.
- SEO backlink index
Returning61req · 2dCrawlCheck
CrawlCheck (crawlcheck.io)
Free site audit that checks whether AI and search crawlers can read a site. The CrawlCheck/1.0 UA fetches machine files and control paths (robots.txt, sitemaps, llms.txt, API catalog); the homepage is additionally requested once under ~12 other crawler identities (GPTBot, ClaudeBot, Googlebot, etc.).
- monitoring
Returning12req · 4dAgentReadyBot
Robots Drinking Tea LLC
On-demand AI-readiness scanner: when someone requests a report it reads up to 25 pages plus robots.txt and the homepage, compares what humans and machines get, and sends test requests with seven AI crawler names to see whether the site blocks them.
- research
Dormant10req · 1dScreaming Frog SEO Spider
Screaming Frog
Desktop SEO crawler run by individual users (agencies, site owners) to audit sites on demand; not a central index.
- research
Dormant2req · 1d
Link previewers 7
Fetch a page once when someone shares its link in a chat or social app, to draw the preview card.
facebookexternalhit
Meta
Meta's fetcher that retrieves pages shared on Facebook, Instagram or Messenger to build and cache link previews (title, description, thumbnail).
- link preview
Regular1,538req · 61dTelegramBot
Telegram
Telegram's fetcher that retrieves a shared URL to build link previews (and Instant View) in Telegram chats and channels.
- link preview
Dormant70req · 2dTwitterbot
X Corp.
X's fetcher that retrieves card metadata (Twitter Cards / Open Graph) to render link previews when a URL is shared on X.
- link preview
Returning40req · 7dLinkedInBot
LinkedIn
LinkedIn's fetcher that retrieves Open Graph metadata and images to build link previews when URLs are shared on LinkedIn.
- link preview
Dormant39req · 2dSlackbot
Slack (Salesforce)
Slack's link-expanding fetcher that reads oEmbed/Open Graph/Twitter Card tags (partial Range fetch) when a user posts a link in Slack; caches about 30 minutes.
- link preview
Dormant37req · 2dWhatsApp
Meta (WhatsApp)
WhatsApp's fetcher that GETs a shared page to build a link preview from Open Graph tags; UA is WhatsApp/2.x.x.x with A/I/N platform suffix.
- link preview
Dormant31req · 2dDiscordbot
Discord
Discord's fetcher that visits a link shared in a Discord message to grab title, description and image for an embed; it does not crawl on its own.
- link preview
Dormant18req · 2d
Scanners & probes 9
Internet-wide security scanners and probes. Excluded from the observatory's reader totals.
CensysInspect
Censys
Censys's internet-wide scanner; HTTP scans identify as CensysInspect and collect service information for the Censys search/attack-surface dataset without attempting authentication.
- security scan
- research
Regular779req · 67dzgrab
Operator unknown
ZGrab/ZGrab2 is an open-source application-layer scanner from the ZMap project for Internet-wide surveys; its default UA (e.g. 'Mozilla/5.0 zgrab/0.x') is sent by academics, scan indexers and attackers alike.
- security scan
- research
Regular638req · 86dInfrawatch
Infrawatch Limited
UK internet-measurement and security-research scanner that routinely observes publicly exposed hosts and services; says it does not exploit or brute-force.
- security scan
- research
Returning195req · 33dModatScanner
Modat
Modat's internet-wide scanner that indexes hosts at the machine level for its Internet search product; scanning only, no intrusion.
- security scan
Returning53req · 37dCyberConvoyScout
CyberConvoy
Internet-wide scanner (single SYN probes and light banner grabs on a few ports) collecting banners, HTTP headers and TLS certificates for threat intelligence, per a third-party catalog.
- security scan
Returning43req · 35dGenomeCrawlerd
Nokia (Deepfield)
Crawler for Nokia Deepfield Secure Genome, a 'security map' of the internet used for traffic analysis and DDoS detection/mitigation in Nokia Deepfield Defender. It systematically crawls the IPv4 and active IPv6 address spaces on specific ports to identify the services hosts provide.
- security scan
Returning17req · 3dGoScanner
Operator unknown
Unidentified scanner UA seen in our logs; no public documentation found for this name.
- unknown
Dormant8req · 1dShodan
Shodan
Search engine for Internet-connected devices; its crawlers continuously query hosts and collect service banners for the Shodan index.
- security scan
- research
Returning4req · 4dOAI-AdsBot
OpenAI
Validates the safety of landing pages submitted as ads on ChatGPT; only visits pages submitted as ads and its data is not used for model training.
- security scan
New this week2req · 1d
Unidentified 4
Clients with no product name. We describe only what they did.
Unnamed Linux-Chrome automation
Operator unknown
Clients presenting a desktop Chrome on Linux user agent that the observatory classifies as automation rather than a human browser. No product name, operator or documentation is visible in the published label.
- unknown
Regular1,025req · 8dDocSpider
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; DocSpider/0.1; +URL)"; no public documentation or operator found (not the same as DocSpotBot).
- unknown
Returning21req · 1dIntentRouteBot
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "IntentRouteBot/0.1 (+URL)"; no public documentation or operator found.
- unknown
New this week10req · 1dZeroBot
Operator unknown
Self-described in its user-agent as "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; ZeroBot/1.0; +URL)"; no public crawler documentation found (unrelated to the ZeroBot bot-protection vendor or ZumBot).
- unknown
New this week8req · 2d
Seen, not yet profiled
Named clients in the live window that have no dossier yet, busiest first. Names are as claimed in their user agent.
How to read a dossier
Claimed vs verified
A name is what a client claims in its user agent; anyone can claim to be GPTBot. A family counts as verified only when its requests came from the operator's published IP ranges or passed forward-confirmed reverse DNS. Those checks run per family in /crawler-journeys.json.
Sourced vs ours
Operator, purpose, robots.txt behaviour and verification come from the operator's own documentation or a credible independent page, listed on each dossier. "Why it matters" is New Runtime's interpretation and is marked as such. Facts were researched on 2026-10-23.