The report translates nonstop agent activity into 140–720 million 40-hour-workweek equivalents. For a more efficient model, its estimate rises to about 1.9 billion concurrent agents.
These are capacity estimates, not forecasts of actual adoption. Epoch AI says that using 20% of its central capacity estimate would imply $2.6–5.3 trillion a year in API-equivalent spending once the hardware is deployed. The result depends on assumptions about HBM supply, serving efficiency, prices, utilization, and workload allocation. The report identifies sustained demand as the key uncertainty and notes that supply could exceed demand.